Operations Management in the US Army - 513 Words

Operations Management in the US Army Introduction The multifunctional nature of Operations Management requires a high level of process- and system-based synchronization across many different departments and divisions to be successful. The structural organization of the US Army is heavily dependent on Operations Management for missions to be accomplished, and long-term strategic visions to be attained (VanVactor, 2007). The intent of this analysis is to evaluate how the five areas of accounting, industrial engineering, management, management science and statistics, in conjunction with critical path analysis and linear programming, are used extensively throughout the US Armys supply chain operations. US Army Supply Chain Operations The most common implementations of supply chains throughout the US Army are focused on logistics and ensuring a continual stream of supplies to each base and installation. The periodic nature of supply chain planning for each base is made more challenging due to the need for greater levels of accounting accuracy and more effective approaches to statistical analysis of supply chain performance. These constraints over time have often been factored into the development of linear programming models used for simulating overall supply chain performance (Trainor, Parnell, Kwinn, Brence, 2007). Linear programming concentrates on solving complex supply chain problems including constrained logistics flows across multiple depots, locations andShow MoreRelatedInternal and External Factor of the United States Army1706 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States Army is a complex organization made up of several commands and managed by different command levels. The U.S. Army is an organization differen t from that of a business in many unique ways. Specific examples of these differences include: financial reporting, disciplinary review procedures, and tactical operations. Although different in many ways, the Army shares many similar characteristics of a normal profit business. Army personnel are managed by supervisors arranged in a commandRead MoreThe Integration And Management Of Enterprise Services997 Words   |  4 PagesThe integration and management of enterprise services is complex and accomplished only through constant and evolving attention. US Army Functional Area 53A, Information System Management, trains staff officers to, â€Å"†¦integrate diverse forms of enterprise services†¦that must operate seamlessly in support of the Army and JIIM operations worldwide† (Fort Gordon Knowledge Management Office, 2012). One system encountered by 53As is the consumer of enterprise level technological services: the end userRead MoreExamples Of Military Leadership16 21 Words   |  7 Pages Served as a Senior Advisor, Telecommunication Chief and Project Manager and a Military Veteran with a Top Secret -SCI Security Clearance and 25 years of results-driven, proven leadership experience in the United States Army. Exercised, full managerial authority and aggressive integration of human capital practices, and innovative solutions to complex human capital challenges. Experienced in developing and contributing to, and supporting the organization’s mission, vision, values, and strategic goalsRead MoreThe Department Of Defense ( Dod )1538 Words   |  7 Pagesstructure and capabilities of Joint Force 2020 necessary to adjust the force based on current strategic direction and fiscal constraints is a smaller, efficient, adaptable and integrated joint force. The 2014 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) emphasizes US military forces will evolve and remain modern, capable, and ready while accepting some increased risk through force reductions. Rebalancing will require innovati ve approaches and solutions to protect the homeland, build global security, project powerRead MoreOrganizational Structure1099 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Structure The United States Army is a hierarchical structure when it comes to chain of command. To fight a war the U.S. Army deploys a variety of specialized systems and soldiers to the battlefield. To do this the US Army has adopted the divisional organizational structure. The Army is divisional but is structured as a functional structure; Army, Corps, Division, Brigade, battalion, company, platoon, and squad (Powers, 2012). An Army with a divisional structure therefore has a subsetRead MoreManagement Officer For The Area Support Group Kuwait ( Asg Ku ) Operational Contract1134 Words   |  5 PagesServes as the Deputy and Contracts Management Officer for the Area Support Group-Kuwait (ASG-KU) Operational Contract Support (OCS) Cell, responsible for base operations and external theater contracts throughout the four Army Camps in Kuwait. Responsible for the oversight, management and the execution of 34 recurring contracts in support of one Security Forces (SECFOR) Battalion, one Engineer Battalion, one Base Support Battalion and eight Functional Detachments. Proactively anticipates USARCENTRead MoreInformation Technology Systems Primary Responsibility1198 Words   |  5 Pagesnetwork and communications operations. Although, they specialize in a particular field, they combine experiences and resources to support the IT department. The functional areas support the IT department which in turns support the organization’s mission, vision, and goals. Mission: Planning, managing, synchronizing, and directing the Information Technology system communication operations with the application of Information Technology functional areas to execute flawless operations in support of the organization’sRead MoreImplementing Overarching Enterprise Wide Information Technology Strategies923 Words   |  4 Pagesexecute this duty for the USPTO CIO. I have demonstrated expertise in strategic planning and I am adept in the management of complex enterprise-wide projects through strong experience in data management, information technology, cybersecurity, C4ISR, logistics, law enforcement, intelligence, statistics, and risk management. I added and simplified the governance and investment management processes surrounding strategic transformation to embed the transformation within the culture and remove it fromRead More1. The 2013 Army Strategic Planning Guidance (Aspg) Describes1707 Words   |  7 PagesThe 2013 Army Strategic Planning Guidance (ASPG ) describes an Army that is â€Å"globally responsive and regionally engaged — one building toward a regionally aligned, mission tailored force that can Prevent, Shape and Win now and in the future.† To guide this approach, the Army lists four imperatives that form the basis of the Army Campaign Plan: †¢ provide modernized and ready, tailored land force capabilities to meet combatant commanders’ requirements across the range of military operations; †¢ developRead MoreManagement Problems and Solutions Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesABSTRACT: Regularly management seeks to correct organizational deficiencies in order to align the organization to be more efficient, effective, and economical. They may opt to perform total quality management, lean six sigma, or simply downsize. Management may even identify symptoms without actually identifying the problem. Management may misdiagnose the problem by identifying a person or group of people as problems. While correctly recognizing problems, there are more on the verge and it is

Technology Is Just A Tool - 871 Words

Bill Gates once said, â€Å"Technology is just a tool. In terms of getting the kids working together and motivating them, the teacher is most important.† Technology has infiltrated all areas of life, but education seems to be somewhat resisting its grasp. There is a great controversy in today’s society regarding implementing technology in the classroom, and many parents, educators, and law makers are on both sides of this controversy. There is extensive research being conducted on the potential benefits and disadvantages of incorporating technology in the everyday classroom environment. This paper examines the history of educational technology, and both the benefits and drawbacks of technology in the classroom. Implementing Technology in the Classroom Educational Technology is defined as the study and ethical practice of facilitating, learning, and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. Educational Technology prepares students by helping them create higher level thinking skills, and mastering various concepts. â€Å"As a field, educational technology emphasizes communication skills and approaches to teaching and learning through the judicious use and integration of diverse media† (Earle, 2002, p. 7). This field studies the effectiveness of various technologies, and works to develop better technologies to fit the needs of the student, teacher, and overall learning environment. Researchers in EducationalShow MoreRelatedTechnology Is Just A Tool2184 Words   |  9 PagesBill Gates said â€Å"Technology is just a tool. In terms of getting the kids working together and motivating them, the teacher is most important.à ¢â‚¬  The definition of technology is a branch of knowledge that deals with the use and creation of technical means and their interaction with society, environment and life. To teach is to impart knowledge and to give instruction. The use of technology in the elementary school classroom using bring your own device (BYOD), smartphones, iPad and laptops is greatlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Technology In Education1399 Words   |  6 Pages Technology is here to stay and appears to be ever advancing, but teachers are struggling to adapt with learning about the new software and tools that the districts are trying to implement into the curriculum. Teachers shape the minds of our future; thus making teaching the most important occupation in the world. In order to achieve maximum greatness in the classroom a teacher must be open to changing the methods in which they teach. With time, technology has seemed to shimmy its way into almostRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Classroom1257 Words   |  6 Pagesthe unlimited resources of the technologies that are capable to adapt to the need of innovation of teaching and learning processes inside the classroom and beyond it† (Csorba, 2016, p. 59). Teachers are now discovering and learning to integrate technology as a means of assistance to deliver curriculum to digital learners of today’s society. With technology progressing and the exposure to digital devices, it is significant that we utilize the available digital tools to connect our teaching to ourRead MoreEffects Of The New Age Of Technology871 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of the New Age of technology Just as students grow up around the world have everyday, technology also finds a way to grow and become better and better. It was only 20 years ago when we didn’t even have advance computers or even the thought of creating smart phone. Around 20 years ago, there was hardly any information on the Internet because it had just gotten started. Also it was a lot more expensive because there was very few people who owned anything like a computer or especiallyRead MoreHow Technology Has Impacted Our Lives Negatively1055 Words   |  5 Pagestrying to find the answer. Now-a-days, whenever we need to find an answer, we can just go on the internet and look it up; thanks to the advancements in technology. Technology is merely a tool and what you get out of this tool is determined by how you use it. It was assembled to make any given activity easier or more effective. Just as we control the tools we use for a garden or the tools used to build a house, technology is also controlled by us . Authors Nicholas Carr, â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid?†Read MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Using Technology Into Preschool Classroom1321 Words   |  6 Pages What are the advantages and disadvantages of using technology in the preschool classroom? Nowadays, technology is essential to every part of our lives, our workplace and our school-lives. In order to let the new generations acquire the skills to help them to survive in this highly technological knowledge-based society, many schools are just starting to combine technology into preschool classrooms learning. Dr.Char Cynthia, who had been a senior associate inRead MoreTechnology And The Rights Of A State Of Emergency994 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology and the rights that are written in the constitution is a privilege that people must not take advantage of in order for them to keep on having it for their life time. For those people who step out of that line that is draw and cause issue for others. Then society has every right to protect its self from those kind of induvial. Such as cause problems like potentially dangerous leaks that may force other in direct path of harm way or if people miss use them like Tools for communication,Read MoreDigital Technology An d Its Impact On The Classroom Essay792 Words   |  4 Pages wikis, blogs, podcasts and microblogging will do very little to transform digital writing or learning in general. It s really not the tool or digital space that can transform or enhance learning. It is what is done there and how the tool is used by teachers and students alike. However, as I think the articles captured, when used effectively these digital tools have the potential to develop critical digital literacies. In Wikis as Learning Environments, Forte and Buckman report their findingsRead MoreEssay on Textbooks versus Tablets1030 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome today, technology is a part of nearly everyone’s lives. The push for technology has evolved from the workplace to the home and now it is emerging into schools. Technology, such as a personal computer or tablet, with the proper precautions, should be implemented into schools as a learning device. Technology does not just allow students to stay connected with family and friends, they are also an excellent tool for learning, and they encourage the responsible use of technology. To begin withRead More The Relationship of Education and Technology Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesThe Relationship of Education and Technology Todays society seems to be relying more and more on technology. Computers are being placed in almost every machine placed on the market today. That brings to our attention that in the future things arent going to change. Technology will increase as jobs may decrease and as the need for people with degrees in Computer Science and Engineering become most valuable to the labor industry. With all of this technology booming going on, where does education

Design and Analysis of an Algorithm

Question: Discuss about design and analysis of an algorithm? Answer: Sorting algorithm Here selection of two sorting algorithm is- Bubble sort. Selection sort. Time complexity of bubble sort algorithm In the bubble sort algorithm time complexity of best case is O (n), in time complexity of average case is O (n2) and the time complexity of worst case is O (n2). Expression for the worst case time calculation of the algorithm bubble sort For the of size n array, into the scenario of worst case: The worst case calculation happens at the time of already sorted array but in the descending order. The meaning of this is the into the first level of iteration this would have to look at the elements of n, after then that would look the last element is n-1, this is the biggest integer at end. So, forth till occur one comparison. The last passage through the loops of inner is the comparison with n-1 and the swaps of swaps n-1. The (n-1)st through their passage the one inter loop swap ad one comparison Together all: c((n-1) + (n-2) + (n-3)+ +1), i this context c is for the required time to do required one swap, one of the comparison, inner loop checking for increment ad condition. Also to spend time constant k declaring j, and I initializing I ad temp. Execution of outer loop to the n-1 times that cost supposes of loop checking condition and to determined the i is c1 C ((n-1) + (n-2) + (n-3) + + 1) +k + c1 + (n-1) (n-1) + (n-2) + (n-3) + + 1= n (n-1) /2 Thats why the functions are equals to C n* (n-1) /2 + k + c1 (n-1) = 1/ 2c (n2 n) + c (n-1) + k So, the O (n2) is the complexity of worst case (Haution, 2015). Bubble sort algorithm Space complexity The space complexity is measured ultimately how much of the extra memory is required. The allocation of the extra number of array of n size, then the complexity for the space is O (n) (Janowitz, Yan Shyam-Sundar, 2014). Expression for the worst case space calculation of bubble sort Te algorithm is already O (n2) and O (n) space So, this is basically O (n) is the subset of O (n2) This is to note that the O (f (n)) is the function set tat to upper asymptotic bond of f (n) Then, for the each g (n) h (n) f (n), here is the (n) responsible for the upper asymptotic bound of g (n), then also the f (n) is asymptotic also upper bond of it. Thus the g(n) is in O( h ( n)) this is in also O (f (n)) In this case, the function complexity T (n) is also the O (n). Selection sort algorithms Time complexity The worst, best and average case, time complexity is O (n2) (Jin-young Lee, 2011). Expression for time calculation to the worst case algorithm of Selection sort This is not very hard to analyze the in compare to another of sorting algorithm since there no loops are data dependent in the array. The lowest element to select is required for n element scanning here n-1 comparisons and ten after swapping this in the place of first position. The findings of the next element lowest requiring of scanning the remaining element of n -1and so on, for the (n-1) + (n-2) + (n-3) + + 2 + 1 = n (n-1) / 2 O (n2) Comparisons (Ma, 2014). Expression for the space of worst case calculation of the algorithm Selection sort Into the selection sort algorithm complexity of the space is the O (1) (Negut, 2015). Reference List Haution, O. (2015). Detection by regular schemes in degree two.Alg. Geom.,2(1), 44-61. Janowitz, T., Lu, L., Yan, H., Shyam-Sundar, V. (2014). Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of cancer vaccination trials registered on the US Clinical Trials Database demonstrates paucity of immunological trial endpoints and decline in registration since 2008.Drug Design, Development And Therapy, 1539. Jin-young Lee,. (2011). Analysis of Graphic Characteristics applied to Contemporary Restaurants - Focused on the Completed Works since 2005 -.Journal Of Digital Design,11(1), 311-324. Ma, S. (2014). Rationality of some tetragonal loci.Alg. Geom.,1(3), 271-289. Negut, A. (2015). Moduli of flags of sheaves and their K-theory.Alg. Geom.,2(1), 19-43.

Mike Crayton Essays - Dragon, , Term Papers

Mike Crayton Dr.Kissler College Writing Monday February 21 1998 As you are awakened by the shrill morning yelp of the local farmer's rooster, you emerge from your hut in a small woodland village. The morning sun glistens slightly off the emerald green grass as the local villagers start about their work for the newly starting day. When you finally venture down the small wooden ladder that protrudes from your front porch, you take notice of the small brook that runs out toward the surrounding areas. Small children frolic around you gingerly like the wind blowing through the tall saw grass on a mid-western plain. All the while, the local merchants peddle their wares around to the local shoppers. As you look slightly to your left you notice a small group of people crowded around a merchants stand. The crowd grows larger and it draws your attention. When you finally get to the large group, which now resembles a group of bees buzzing and swarming around a beehive, you look in awe at the beautiful items the merchant has placed upon his table to draw the attention of the shoppers. Finally, as the crowd gets too suffocating for you, you head toward the small pond at the end of the townsquare that is the source of the tiny brook. As you plop down on a weathered rock a minute, topaz colored frog hops next to you and stares at you with bulging eyes as if it was staring into the deepest part of your being. As quickly and swiftly as the miniscule frog appeared, a slight plinking sound is heard as you watch your amphibious friend dive into the crisp, sparkling water. Looking at the water whets your palette, you decide to take a drink from the water. The cold water cuts like a razor, but at the same time feels so refreshing. Suddenly, a dark shadow passes over the glowing afternoon sun. You gaze up and see a gigantic silver winged dragon sweeping across the landscape and casting what seems like an eternal darkness on the tiny wooded alcove that you call your home. You gaze in awe as the glimmering light of the sun slowly starts to illuminate the townsquare once again, while the great beast soars off to toward the rocky crags that lie in the west. The sheer monstrosity of the dragon flabbergasts little children, many of whom have never seen such an awe-inspiring spectacle in their young lives. While you sit there and listen to the young children spin yarns to their friends about the sighting of the dragon, it reminds of the old villagers who sit on the porch of the local ale hall and converse with locals and travelers about days of yore. Once again you notice the light in the square growing darker, but this time it is from nature and not a winged creature. You decide to head back to your house, looking forward to the nice long sleep that awaits you as you fall into your soft, supple bed.

Computer Crime In The 90s Essays - Hacker Culture, Phreaking

Computer Crime in the 90's It's the weekend, you have nothing to do so you decide to play around on your computer. You turn it on and then start up, you start calling people with your modem, connecting to another world, with people just like you at a button press away. This is all fine but what happens when you start getting into other peoples computer files. Then it becomes a crime, but what is a computer crime really, obviously it involves the use of a computer but what are these crimes. Well they are: Hacking, Phreaking, & Software Piracy. To begin I will start with Hacking, what is hacking. Hacking is basically using your computer to "Hack" your way into another. They use programs called scanners which randomly dials numbers any generating tones or carriers are recorded. These numbers are looked at by hackers and then used again, when the hacker calls up the number and gets on he's presented with a logon prompt, this is where the hacking really begins, the hacker tries to bypass this anyway he knows how to and tries to gain access to the system. Why do they do it, well lets go to a book and see "Avid young computer hackers in their preteens and teens are frequently involved in computer crimes that take the form of trespassing, invasion of privacy, or vandalism. Quite often they are mearly out for a fun and games evening, and they get entangled in the illegal use of their machines without realizing the full import of what they are doing" , I have a hard time believing that so lets see what a "hacker" has to say about what he does "Just as they were enthraled with their pursuit of information, so are we. The thrill of the hack is not in breaking the law, it's in the pursuit and capture of knowledge." , as you can see the "hacker" doesn't go out to do destroy things although some do. It's in the pursuit of knowledge. Of course this is still against the law. But where did all of this start, MIT is where hacking started the people there would learn and explore computer systems all around the world. In the views of professional hacking is like drugs or any other addictive substance, it's an addiction for the mind and once started it's difficult to stop. This could be true, as hackers know what they are doing is wrong and they know odds are they will be caught. But as I mentioned some hackers are just above average criminals, using there skills to break in banks and other places where they can get money, or where they can destroy information. What a hacker does at a bank is take a few cents or even a few fractions of a cents from many different accounts this may seem like nothing but when all compiled can be alot. A stick up robber averages about $8,000 each "job", and he has to put his life and personal freedom on the line to do it while the computer hacker in the comfort of his own living room averages $500,000 a "job". As for people destroying information, this is for taking some one down, destruction of data could end a business which for some is very attractive. It can cost a company thousands of dollars to restore the damage done. Now that you have an understanding of what a "hacker" is, it time to move on to someone closely associates with a hacker. This is a Phreak, but what is that. For the answer we turn to the what is known as the "Official" Phreakers Manual "Phreak [fr'eek] 1. The action of using mischievous and mostly illegal ways in order to not pay for some sort of telecommunications bill, order, transfer, or other service. It often involves usage of highly illegal boxes and machines in order to defeat the security that is set up to avoid this sort of happening. [fr'eaking] v. 2. A person who uses the above methods of destruction and chaos in order to make a better life for all. A true phreaker will not go against his fellows or narc on people who have ragged

Learn How to Write a Professional News Story

Learn How to Write a Professional News Story Many students take journalism courses because they like to write, and many journalism courses focus on the craft of writing. But the great thing about news writing is that it follows a basic format. Learn that format, and youll be able to write news stories, whether youre a naturally talented writer or not. Writing Your Lede The most important part of any news story is the lede, which is the very first sentence of a news story. In it, the writer summarizes the most newsworthy points of the story in broad brushstrokes. If a lede is well-written, it will give the reader a basic idea of what the story is about, even if they skip over the rest of the story. Example: Two people died in a rowhouse fire in Northeast Philadelphia last night. See what I mean? From this ​lede, you get the basics: two people killed, rowhouse fire, and northeast Philadelphia. Now, theres obviously a lot more to this story. What caused the fire? Who was killed? What was the address of the rowhouse? And so on. Those details will be in the rest of the story. But the lede gives us the story in a nutshell. Beginners often have trouble figuring out what to put into a lede and what to leave out. Again, think in broad brushstrokes: Give the major points of the story, but leave the smaller details for later. The Five Ws and the H One way to figure out what goes into a lede is to use the five Ws and the H: who, what, where, when, why, and how. Who is the story about? What is it about? Where did it occur? And so on. Answer those questions in your lede, and youre covering all the bases. Sometimes, one of those answers will be more interesting than the rest. Lets say youre writing a story about a celebrity who dies in a car crash. Obviously, what makes the story interesting is the fact that a celebrity is involved. A car crash in and of itself is common. Unfortunately, thousands of people die in car crashes every year. So in this example, youll want to emphasize that who aspect of the story in your lede. But what about the rest of the story, the part that comes after the lede? News stories are written in the inverted pyramid format. Sounds weird, but all this means is that the most important information goes at the top, or the beginning of the story, and the least important stuff goes at the bottom. We do this for several reasons. First, readers have a limited amount of time and short attention spans, so it makes sense to put the most important news at the start of the story. Second, this format allows editors to shorten stories quickly on deadline if needed. Its much easier to trim a news story if you know the least important stuff is at the end. Basic News Format The other thing to remember? Keep your writing tight, and your stories relatively short. Say what you need to say in as few words as possible. One way to do this is to follow the S-V-O format, which stands for Subject-Verb-Object. To understand this concept, look at these two examples: She read the book. The book was read by her. Whats the difference between these two sentences? The first one is written in the S-V-O format: She (subject) read (verb) the book (object). As a result, the sentence is short and to the point (four words). And since the connection between the subject and the action shes taking is clear, the sentence has some life to it. You can picture a woman reading a book when you read the sentence. The second sentence, on the other hand, doesnt follow S-V-O. As a result, the connection between the subject and what shes doing has been severed. What youre left with is a sentence thats watery and unfocused. The second sentence is also two words longer than the first. Two words may not seem like a lot, but imagine cutting two words from every sentence in a 10-inch news article. Soon, it starts to add up. You can convey much more information using far fewer words with the S-V-O format.

Todays Witches Battle Against Yesterdays Myths Essay

Todays Witches Battle Against Yesterdays Myths - Essay Example Several paranormal feats have been attributed to witches for centuries; and accompanying each new feat is a new characteristic or quality: warts, the ability to fly, shape-shifting to other beings. This paper will demonstrate the existence of witches in society today and throughout most of modern history as is evidenced by their appearance in literature, self-proclamation, and an explanation of their current practices. Literature can be used to serve various purposes; and witches have held a strong role in literature for centuries. The largest example is that of the Holy Bible, often used by Christians to define morals and guide actions. The Holy Bible was considered by early Christians to be a work of nonfiction. The fact that witches appear as "evil" beings in humankind's earliest works of literature implies that not only did witches exist but that the literature was used to scare people--either away from witches or away from the practice of witchcraft. Indeed, several supplementary works of literature went into more detail about how the practice of witchcraft was a sin; Dante's Inferno, for example, described the idea that witches were sent to the deepest regions of Hell (Canto IX)-implying that to practice witchcraft was the worst of all sins. Later works of literature were used to inform about the reality of w... , The Truth about Witchcraft Today, Cunningham strives to inform his audience about the differences between a witch living in society and the myths of earlier texts that witches were evil beings with supernatural powers. Since the religious movement of the 1950s brought witchcraft back into the mainstream, other pieces of literature have worked to soften the idea of witches; although these works still portray witches as magical beings, television shows such as "Bewitched" and "Charmed" and books such as the Harry Potter series written by J.K. Rowling portray witches as using their magical powers for the betterment of humankind and in conjunction with what society would define as "just." To address the second point of evidence, self-proclamation, this paper will focus on the people who claim themselves to be witches. Thus far, this paper has shown that the traditional concept of the Devil-worshipping witch, using magic to bring harm to a community that has harmed her is an unlikely and unreal concept. However, the existence of witches as self-defined practitioners of a specific belief system that worships a female deity and chants spells to bring about some form of change is, in fact, real. The famous philosopher Descartes once famously uttered words that translate roughly to "I think, therefore I am." Working upon this thought, he also indicated that humans are what they believe they are; or what they portray themselves to be. By the same token, those individuals who believe themselves to be witches, believe they have the power to effect change in their lives by mixing an herbal decoction for illness or chanting a spell, may indeed have a point. Because they believe they are witches, and portray themselves as such to the rest of society, other people cannot deny the

Observe particles by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Essay

Observe particles by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray SEM and Transmission Electron Microscopy - Essay Example Analysis shows that even though the particle size range is from 10 ?m to 160 ?m; however most of the particles are confined in three size ranges: 10 - 20 ?m, 50 – 70 ?m and 110 – 120 ?m. SEM-EDS analysis shows that the bright particle in the silica sample are yttrium oxide. TEM images show two kinds of shape – spherical and cylindrical for TiO2 and faceted equiaxed morphology for Fe2O3 particles. The detailed results and analysis is presented in this report. Introduction Powders play very important role in materials science and industry so much so that one stream of metallurgy is known as powder metallurgy. Besides, ceramics engineering revolved around powders. Consolidation of many materials becomes possible only through powder metallurgy route, which involves filling, compaction and sintering of powders. All these processes depend heavily on powder characteristics like shape, size, size distribution etc. to name a few. Experimental determination of these attrib utes of powder is very important. Some of these attributes like size and size distribution can be determined by indirect methods like laser particle size analysis. However, only a direct method like microscopy gives the confidence in the result. Beside, many attributes like shape and chemistry can be determined only by advance electron microscopy. Electron microscopy involves obtaining high magnification images of the samples using focused beam of accelerated electrons as probe and then forming images by collecting the different signals like backscattered electrons, secondary electrons, transmitted electrons etc [1]. As wavelength of accelerated electrons is much smaller as compared to light; therefore, it can be focused to much finer spots and much higher resolution and magnification is possible in case of electron microscopes as compared to the same in case of optical microscopes. Besides, many signals generated by electron – matter interaction like auger electron, characte ristic X-rays etc. contain information about chemistry of the matter and these signals can be used to determine chemistry of the sample using different detectors like Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometer (WDS), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer etc. Accordingly there are different instruments like Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), SEM-EDS, Electron Probe Microanalyser (EPMA), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) etc. A basic description of SEM, SEM-EDS and TEM which were used in these experiments is provided in the subsequent sections. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) [2]: As suggested by the name, in this microscope a focused beam of electron is scanned over the sample in a raster using scanning coils. This leads to generation of signals like secondary electrons and backscattered electrons; which are used for image formation on a CRT screen. The image is formed in a pixel by pixel manner and therefore, the raster size corre sponds to the CRT screen size magnification is arrived by dividing the CRT length by the raster length. The magnification can thus be increased gradually by reducing the rater size on the sample as the CRT size is fixed. An SEM consists of an electron source or an electron gun, apertures to block unwanted beam, electromagnetic lenses to focus the beam, different detectors like secondary electron detector and backscattered electron detector for image formati

Military History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Military History - Essay Example A Short History of the NCO is dedicated to the foundation of the NCO, its evolution, history, educational system; includes explanatory photos and tables. NCO Duties, Responsibilities, and Authorities Study Guide is a list of the main UCO duties and responsibilities which is shown in the form of questions and answers. B. The purpose of this paper is to show the role of the NCO corps and staff in the postwar history. The question demanding the answer: has the NCO played the active and appreciable role in the postwar U.S. Army history 2. A. After the World War II the constant growth of military technologies led to the necessity of new educational programs development: "Emphasis on NCO education increased to the point that by 1959 over 180,000 soldiers would attend NCO academies located in the continental United States. In addition to NCO academies, the Army encouraged enlisted men to advance their education by other means" (1). In 1950 the U.S.A. sent soldiers in Korea. The NCO soldiers took part in the war, and some of them were real heroes: "Near Surang-ni, Sergeant Ola L. Mize led the defense of "Outpost Harry." Learning of a wounded soldier in an outlying listening post, during an artillery barrage, Mize moved to rescue the soldier. Returning to the main position with the soldier, Mize rallied the troops into an effective defense as the enemy attacked in force" (2). During the war in Vietnam the NCO took a large part in combat leadership: "Needing large numbers of NCOs for combat, the Army created the Noncomm issioned Officers Candidate Course. Three branches were established at Fort Benning, Fort Knox, and Fort Sill" (2). There were also many cases of heroism among the NCO soldiers during the war: "Five times, Ashley and his newly-formed unit attacked enemy positions, clearing the enemy and proceeding through booby trapped bunkers. Wounded by machine gun fire, Ashley continued on, finally directing air strikes on his own position to clear the enemy. As the enemy retreated, he lapsed into unconsciousness" (2). B. In 1971 the NCO Educational System was introduced. Firstly it consisted of three training levels: "Basic Noncommissioned Officer Course (to provide basic leadership skills and a knowledge of military subjects needed at the squad and team level), Advanced Noncommissioned Officer Course (to provide the student with advanced technical and leadership skills), and the Sergeants Major Academy (which prepared senior NCOs to perform duties as sergeants major at the division and higher headquarters)" (2). The next rather important step of the NCO reforming took place in 1986, when was "established the Primary Leadership Development Course as a mandatory prerequisite for promotion to staff sergeant. This was the first time an NCOES course actually became mandatory for promotion" (2). In 1987 a new Sergeant Major Academy was build: "This 17.5 million dollar, 125,000 square foot structure allowed the Academy to expand course loads and number of courses" (2). Today the NCO Education

The Impacts Of Minimum Wages Policy Economics Essay

The Impacts Of Minimum Wages Policy Economics Essay Based on the diagram above, the quantity supply of local labor before setting minimum wage (P1) is at Q1. After setting minimum wage (P2), the quantity supply of local labor increases to Q2. The quantity supply of total labor before setting minimum wage (P1) is at Q4. After setting minimum wage (P2), the quantity demand decreases to Q3. Owing to the reason that setting minimum wage, shortages of local labor at JKL arises at the minimum wage of P2 and surplus of foreign labor at EKM arises at the minimum wage of P2. The setting of minimum wages will increase the unemployment rate because employers will look to hire more specialized employees or fewer employees to maintain healthy margins (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). An example of unemployment from indexing would be Washington. Washingtons teen unemployment in 1999 was 19.7% and as indexing was applied its teen unemployment increased to 29.7% in year 2008 (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). The following graph illustrates the growth in teen unemployment rates in Washington (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). It used to compare with the unemployment rates of the rest of United States. This graph shows that when minimum wage rises companies hire fewer employees to work. For retailers, this means fewer employees on the floor selling, maintaining inventory and helping customers to find products. For example, stores which focus on customer service will not be able to make such sweeping employee cutbacks (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). Market Basket, a grocery store food chain based out of Massachussetts is an example of a store focusing on customer satisfaction, which faces issue on raising minimum wages. Market Basket hires many young teens to keep the floor full of employees to help the customers as much as possible. They also try to make sure the store clean, presentable and answer customers questions. Thus, when setting minimum wage, it will forces Market Basket and other services focuses retailers cut backs in other areas (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). Besides that, if the government setting minimum wages policy, it will affect the productivity and efficiency of employers or producers (Chua, 2008). When there is minimum wage policy, the producers will seek alternative way to reduce the number of employees such as trade in new machine and new technological in order to save the cost of production in long-term basis. For example, there are two equally productive workers assigned to clear a wooded lot. The first worker is given a shovel and an axe, the second, bulldozer. Thus, the second worker is more productive compare with first worker because hard work cannot compete with better technology (Matthew B. Kibbe, 1998). In addition, minimum wages policy causes inflation in the country. When the government set higher minimum wages policy, the producers are unable to cope with costs of production. It will cause the prices of all products to increase tremendously. Thus, the population, especially the low income class, would find it more difficult to stay in the high living expenditure society. Based on the economist, this known as cost-push inflation (Michael Pollick, 2010). An increase in the federal minimum wage will increase the costs of production, which subsequently results in an inflated price for consumers. Employers prefer to hire foreigners because they are charge lower wages and are more willing to work extra hours (Loh, 2009). In year 2008, foreign non-residents individuals account for 1.2 million people of the entire population and with the assumption that foreign labor from Singapore is not foreign talent. Thus, if the country sets the minimum wages policy, it will reduce dependency on foreign labor because Malaysians will be granted priority in job placement compared to foreign workers (Chua, 2008). As a result, the minimum wage policy would bring advantages and disadvantages to Malaysia and her population. To reduce the effect of the disadvantages of minimum wage, the Malaysian government needs to work out the most effective way on reducing the disadvantages of minimum wage policy so that government and population can gain as much as benefits as hoped. The government would have to look into the details pertaining to the shortcomings of the minimum wage policy such as the possibility of increase in foreign labour instead of local labours and consider other possible problems that could arise. Question 2 2.1 Introduction Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total market value of a countrys output. It is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period of time by factors of production located within a country (Case Fair, 2002). The production of a given value of goods and services would generate an equal value of income. Therefore, the necessary equality between the GDP and gross domestic income indicates that the GDP can be measured both as the total value of output produced and as the income generated in producing that output (Tregarthen, 1996). Therefore, in the following essay, GDP per capita is used as a measure of economic growth and living standards of a country over a period of time. 2.2 Measuring Economic Output Performance A countrys economic output performance is currently measured using the GDP of the country. A method practiced by almost all countries presently. The GDP is a widely used and accepted method of economic measurement in many countries. It is updated frequently and monitored by specific national statistical bodies to ensure the best accuracy of the economic measurement (Madsen, 2006). GDP enables the country planners and economic planners to monitor the economic trend of the country in a regular, periodic basis. Despite the standardized GDP, there are many limitations to this concept. One of these limitations is GDP per capita fails to include non-marketed output and household production. GDP per capita does not include the value of the effort and time put into providing household goods and services (Tregarthen, 1996). For example, a family repainted their house by themselves without using the services of a skilled painter. Their time and effort was not included in the calculation of the GDP. However, if the family uses the service of a skilled painter to repaint their house, the value would be added into the GDP. These would show in the GDP. However, it does not reflect the actual increase in production. It may reflect a shift in production from a category that is not included in the GDP (eg. household production) to another category that is included. GDP also fails to include environmental degradation (Waterson, 2010). An increasing income and growth of a country could be occuring at the expense of the environment. Fast developing countries run a risk of causing negative externalities to the environment. The manufacturing sector could be contributing a lot to the nations GDP, however, the sector could also be the major contributor to the air pollution in the area due to the smoke released. The polluted air can cause breathing problems and diseases among the neighbouring societies. Furthermore, income derived from the black market and volunteer work is not accounted for in the GDP (Madsen, Dec 2006). In the case of the black market, there are no reports of production to the government to evade tax and the law. For example, the underground activities, like prostitution, human trafficking, and drug trafficking, are very lucrative. However, they are not reported because of the law. In the case of volunteer work and charitable organizations, they do not earn income in the first place. Therefore, it is not reported in the GDP despite the output generated. 2.3 Measuring Rising Standard of Living The most common measure of standard of living is the use of real GDP per capita (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 2003). Real GDP per capita is the inflation-adjusted GDP per capita. Assuming other aspects remain equal, a sustained increase in real GDP would increase the countrys standard of living provided the output increases at a faster rate compared to the total population (Riley, 2006). The advantage of using real GDP per capita is that the country planners and economy planners are able to develop economic policies and development plans since the trend in the GDP per capita at a specific period would reflect the living standards of the population (Madsen, 2006). Therefore, relating to the newspaper article in the question, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak, had revealed the New Economic Model 2010 because the government believes that the living standards of Malaysians can be further improved. However, there are limitations to the usage of real GDP per capita as a measure of living standards. The failure to consider the distribution of income is one of its shortcomings. Because real GDP per capita (per capita income) is an indicator of the average living standard of individual members of the population, it cannot project the actual living standards of the population (Madsen, 2006). Income of the population varies according to the geographical region (Hillstrom, n.d.). Part of the population may be getting their income from the manufacturing industry whereas another part could be earning their income from the tourism sector. Per capita income also varies greatly through out the world. According to Susan Dentzer in U.S. News and World Report, in 1988 the top 20 percent of countries worldwide (based on annual national income) reported per capita income figures an average of 65 times greater than the bottom 20 percent of countries. As of the last quarter of 2009, Malaysias per capita income (Gross National Income per capita) figure stands at RM25,201 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010). The real GDP also does not take into account the leisure time . All other variables equal, more leisure time is better than less leisure time (Tregarthen, 1996). Consuming leisure would mean that less work effort would be supplied which means producing less GDP. For example, if the government imposes a maximum 5 office and working hours per day, the labour effort in the country would reduce significantly causing the GDP to fall. However, this does not mean that the population is worse off compared to the previous period. According to Tregarthen, the population would end up consuming more goods and services because of the extra leisure time. This situation implies that the fall in GDP would be accompanied by the increase in utility. 2.4 Conclusion As a conclusion, our team agrees that economic output performance and rising standards of living can be measure using per capita income. In our opinion, it is a safer and more prudent measure to understate a countrys economy growth than overstate it. Despite all the shortcomings of the GDP, GDP does measure the production of goods and services which are main focuses of economic output performance (Tregarthen, 1996). Until a more comprehensive and better model is introduced, the GDP concept still holds. In the case of living standards, on the other hand, real GDP per capita can be supported by other alternative indicators which are the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Index of Social Health.

Whitmans Leaves of Grass: Democratic Themes Essay -- Leaves of Grass

Leaves of Grass:   Democratic Themes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer I Hear America Singing  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his Preface to Leaves of Grass, Whitman states, â€Å"The United States themselves are essentially the greatest poem†.   Whitman was the ultimate Transcendentalist/ Romantic.   He united democratic themes and subject matter with free verse form.   In Leaves of Grass, Whitman celebrates unity of all life and people.   He embraces diversity of geography, culture, work, sexuality, and beliefs.   Whitman’s impact solidifies American dreams of independence, freedom, and fulfillment, and transforms them for larger spiritual meaning.   Whitman values hard work and being humble and non-egotistical.   His ideals are things such as good health, soul, and the love of nature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whitman expresses his celebration of working class democracy through the â€Å"varied carols† of men and women who take pride in their occupations in the poem â€Å"I Hear America Singing†.   For example, he writes:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     I hear America singing, the varied carols I hear,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   strong,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  &nbs... ... United States themselves are essentially the greatest poem,† I believe he meant that the diversity of geography, culture, beliefs and work all combine to create a wonderful country.   Whitman’s subject matter and style tie together to reflect his values of a working class democracy, humbleness and the enjoyment of life.   Whitman’s impact has solidified American dreams (of independence, freedom, and fulfillment) and transcends, transforms them for a larger spiritual meaning.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

My Past, Present, and Future

Hard life does not equal reason for failure, but reason for determination. Even though it may seem with so much bad you are bound to fail, with all of my bad I'm bound to succeed. I have been through a lot in life, just as every single mother but I still have what it takes for my future success. Do you have what it takes for a brighter future? The first reason I believe hard times give you determination, is because I had a hard childhood growing up. Beginning with my father abusing my mother and he was never around, a mother who was struggling to figure out who she was and what she wanted in life, and how to take care of a teenager with so many bad experiences. My father was murdered in front of me and passed in my arms when I was seven years old. My only father figures I had left were my brothers who for their own reasons couldn’t be around much. I turned to alcohol at a young age thinking it would make my life better. I felt as if I was alone. I didn’t know I had people that would be there for me. All I knew was my immediate family and my friends, which were not good influences. My mother had turned to alcohol as well and I was always home alone or with my uncle John. I never wanted to go to school; however, my uncle encouraged me to do so. I continued to attend school and did the best I thought I could. I got into skating thanks to my uncle and that is how I got rid of my stress if I had it. Uncle John always took me and my friends to the skating rink to enjoy time, just as a young child should. It made things better for me for awhile I had my father figure back again, but still needed my mom. I was lost and had no guidance; so much had happened to me at such a young age and that affected my life because I believe no matter what happens you can’t erase your bad memories. My beliefs are stated by Sigmund Freud, he said â€Å"The world as we know it is stored in our conscious mind† (Witt & Mossler, 2010, Ch. 2, Pg. 2). Additionally, at age fifteen I was involved in a car accident that everyone including myself thought it ended my life. I was pronounced dead on scene yet revived. I was hospitalized for over a week and had to go though therapy to learn how to walk again. My brain wasn’t coordinating with my legs. I broke five ribs, my lung collapsed, crushed my heel, burned my back, my scalp was avulsed, broken nose, and in general shaken up. I woke up to a paramedic by my side coaching me through my breathing and having faith in my ability to overcome anything. It just so happened with me living in a small town that paramedic was my best friend’s father, Gene Deck. That’s when I got my mom back, and to this day she is always there for me and is my best friend. During that time I had also lost my brother who meant the world to me. He was my role model and was everything to me. I would wait for him every day on the porch to arrive from work. He had been though a lot himself and had went to prison for a few years. He got out of prison and started his life over working in the oil fields, I still remember his smell. It was that time of year for our family reunion, we went camping every year. I remember waking up to his face at five in the morning and him asking me to go on the boat with him to check the trout lines, me at my age was upset about being woke up that early. I pulled the blankets over my head and said â€Å"go away and leave me alone bubba†. Those were my last words to him, which is why I strongly believe you should make sure your words to your loved ones are that from the heart. He had gone out on the boat and it had a hole in it, my brother didn’t know how to swim. They found him late that night after searching all day at the bottom of the river tangled in seaweed. With all those experiences, I knew what I wanted to do as an adult, save lives. So I took it upon myself to try and get my life together and do what was right. I had several inspirations for saving lives, from my life being saved to maybe I could have saved my brothers. I had so much encouragement in my heart now to move forward with my career choice in the future. For now, it was time to focus on finishing high school and being a good daughter so that my mom wouldn’t have to go through anymore pain. I focused on school and promised myself no matter what happened in life I would return the favor given to me from the man upstairs, with a second chance given to me I would help saving lives. It is thanks to God that I am alive today, and for the rest of my life I will thank him every day. I may not be one of those people who go to church every day, but I do know my life is held in the hands of a man that I owe my life to. At age seventeen I ended up being getting in another relationship that I thought would last forever and we decided to have a child. I ended up having too many medical problems and had to drop out of school. I was determined to keep my promise. I set out to get my G. E. D and started running with the Emergency Medical Service in my town as a rider. I then became part of the EMS family as a driver. They paid to put me through school to become an Emergency Medical Technician. I decided that wasn’t enough and started school with a technical school to become a National Registered Certified Medical Assistant. My first born son gave me more inspiration to better myself in life. He was the reason of my existence and the reason I to this day work very hard at everything I do to succeed in life. I named him after my brother that had passed, Keith. I now have four beautiful boys, still have my two certifications, and now attending college working towards a degree. Every day I remember lucky I am to be here and how much I have to be thankful for in life. My fiance Sean is another one of my inspirations. He stays on my case constantly about school and making sure I do what is right. I have everything I need in life to be inspired and achieve my life term goals. I believe that you need three things in life to achieve your goals, a belief system, persistence, and patience. Several things can happen to you in life. It’s a matter of how you overcome what has happened and how you move forward. Although, you may want to just give up and feel you have been through enough in life and you don’t want to put yourself through any more. You need to reconsider, because that is just your way of â€Å"justifying your thoughts or behavior†, called rationalization which is a type of defense mechanism from Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory (Witt & Mossler, 2010, Ch. 2, Pg. 2). Make sure you stay focused on your goal or goals and what lies ahead of you. Always look toward the future and never look back, you will always remember but let it be a lesson learned in life, and the strength you need to move forward. There is nothing better in life than looking back on all you have been through, and then looking at what you have to this day. The best thing is looking at what lies ahead of you and your future of success! Indeed, while some may say a bad past can get the best of you, it’s important to stay focused and determined. I will continue to move forward with my education and become successful. Just remember one thing; you are in control of your life, your attitude, and your actions. You can’t change your past, but, you can change your future!

Free Essays on Religious Wars

European History The Religious Wars (The attempts by Catholic monarchs to re-establish European religious unity and by both Catholic and Protestant monarchs to establish strong centralized states led to many wars among the European states. Spain’s attempt to keep religious and political unity within her empire led to a long war in the Netherlands, a war that pulled England over to the side of the Protestant Dutch. There was bitter civil war in France, which finally ended with the reign of Henry of Navarre and the Edict of Nantes in 1598. The Thirty Years War in Germany (1618-1648) had both religious and political roots, and left that area in political and economic ruins. â€Å"Une foi, un loi, un roi.†(one faith, one law, one king ). This traditional saying gives some indication of how the state, religion, and society were all bound up in people’s mind and experience. There was no distinction between public and private, between civic and personal. Religion had formed the basis for social consensus in Europe for a millennium. Since Clovis, the French monarchy in particular had closely tied itself to the church and the church sanctified it’s right to rule. France was â€Å"the first daughter of the church† and it’s king â€Å"The Most Christian King†, and no one could imagine life any other way. â€Å"One faith was viewed as essential to civil order. How else would society hold together? And without the right faith, pleasing to god who upholds the natural order, there was sure to be disaster. Heresy was treason and vice versa. Religious tolerance, which to us seems such a necessary virtue, was considered tantamount to letting drug dealers move next door and corrupt your children. A view for the cynical and world-weary who had forgotten god and no longer cared about the health of society. Innovation caused trouble. The way things wer... Free Essays on Religious Wars Free Essays on Religious Wars European History The Religious Wars (The attempts by Catholic monarchs to re-establish European religious unity and by both Catholic and Protestant monarchs to establish strong centralized states led to many wars among the European states. Spain’s attempt to keep religious and political unity within her empire led to a long war in the Netherlands, a war that pulled England over to the side of the Protestant Dutch. There was bitter civil war in France, which finally ended with the reign of Henry of Navarre and the Edict of Nantes in 1598. The Thirty Years War in Germany (1618-1648) had both religious and political roots, and left that area in political and economic ruins. â€Å"Une foi, un loi, un roi.†(one faith, one law, one king ). This traditional saying gives some indication of how the state, religion, and society were all bound up in people’s mind and experience. There was no distinction between public and private, between civic and personal. Religion had formed the basis for social consensus in Europe for a millennium. Since Clovis, the French monarchy in particular had closely tied itself to the church and the church sanctified it’s right to rule. France was â€Å"the first daughter of the church† and it’s king â€Å"The Most Christian King†, and no one could imagine life any other way. â€Å"One faith was viewed as essential to civil order. How else would society hold together? And without the right faith, pleasing to god who upholds the natural order, there was sure to be disaster. Heresy was treason and vice versa. Religious tolerance, which to us seems such a necessary virtue, was considered tantamount to letting drug dealers move next door and corrupt your children. A view for the cynical and world-weary who had forgotten god and no longer cared about the health of society. Innovation caused trouble. The way things wer...

Essay on Dementia Death and family Members

Essay on Dementia Death and family Members Essay on Dementia: Death and family Members When most people hear the words dementia they think of a condition that causes memory loss and decreased brain functioning. Not many people are aware that it is an incurable progressive and terminal disease Dr Susan L Mitchell an Associate professor at Harvard Medical School say "Dementia is a terminal illness; as the end of life approaches, the pattern in which patients with advanced dementia experience distressing symptoms is similar to patients dying of more commonly recognized terminal conditions, such as cancer." However many people (physicians included) have a difficult time with Dr. Mitchells mind set of placing cancer and dementia into the same category. For starters Dementia is a gradual loss of cognition and function that could take anywhere from 4-10 years until the patient shows sign of advanced end stage dementia. On the slight chance that family members and physicians are able to acknowledge dementia as a progressive incurable disease many of them have no insight as to what their loved ones actually died from. As Neeraja discussed previously pneumonia is the most common â€Å"cause of death† seen on the death certificates of patients with dementia. When families see this listed they tend to think that it was the infection that caused the death and want to aggressively treat the infection in hopes that their loved ones will live longer. However it was the dementia that caused the apraxia dysphagia and decrease mobility that lead to an increased risk for infection and the end development of pneumonia. We see our loved ones suffering in pain and immediately want to give them aggressive medications so that WE feel better. Family members feel uncomfortable watching their loved ones in pain while doing nothing about it. But there is no evidence that antibiotics promote any more comfort than just providing supportive care," she said. We can achieve the same amount of comfort by giving them oxygen, Tylenol to curve the fever, and medications to dry up the secretions. This is palliative care. Holding off treatment is a very difficult decision to make but it is one that must be discussed before a patient reaches the end stage and can no longer make informed decisions about their care. For Most end stage patients die from pneumonia or other respiratory illnesses and most effective way to treat is antibiotics Medications for pneumonia and palliative care medications are similar in their side effects Antibiotics do not prolong life and the patients have the same mortality rate as those who do not take them.

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Management - Essay Example Market uncertainties and product characteristics are equally important. Firms enter through the research and development process and then get a foothold in the country. In the face of competition firms even ignore the short-term losses when they find tremendous potential in investing. Hence, several variables need to be added to the existing model as resources have become readily available. Dunning sees an interrelationship between I and O type advantages in that internalisation helps a firm to acquire or increase those assets which give it an O type advantage. The essence of the eclectic approach is to consider the OLI type advantages together and in applying them to both international trade and production. This means that it is more of a synthesis of other approaches. Dunning calls his theory systemic because it relates to the way in which the firm coordinates its activities. Dunnings model attempts to integrate elements of micro and macro theory and to explain international trade and production within the same conceptual framework. It is centered on the notion that FDI is the most effective vehicle for serving foreign markets when the firm possesses the advantages under conditions of imperfect competition (Holsapple, Ozawa & Olienyk, 2006). Dunning’s framework according to Brouthers and Hennart (2007) can be conceptualized as a tool that combines insights fro m resource-based (firm-specific), institutional (location) and transaction cost (internalization) theories. The approach is dynamic since the OLI advantages interact with one another. L advantages may create incentives to internalise and I advantages create further O advantages. The main doubt about Dunnings model is whether it is more than a mere taxonomy. The model is a helpful classification - but does it explain anything? Dunning’s framework has not been found to be sufficient to arrive at a decision concerning the mode of entry in international markets. Additional

International Justice & Rehabilitation in Post-War Sierra Leone Thesis

International Justice & Rehabilitation in Post-War Sierra Leone - Thesis Example Sierra Leone is a small republic founded in 1842 on the West Coast of Africa (Grover, 2009 p1). It is bordered to the north and east by Guinea, to the South by Liberia and to the South-West by the Atlantic Ocean. The country plunged into the civil war which lasted throughout most of the 1990s. In the heat of the Sierra Leonean War in 1997, AFROL News announced that about 5,400 children were involved in the war and this was in sync with the UN's official figures. After the war, it was reported that Sierra Leone's conflict involved about 6,914 child soldiers (Facts of Sierra Leone, 2011). These children were recruited to take part in the Sierra Leonean Civil War that lasted between 1991 and 2001 (Sillinger, 2003: p3). The root of the Sierra Leonean Civil War and the recruitment of child soldiers has a strong and deep root in international relations. The connection between the Sierra Leonean Wars and international relations has a strong connection with the diamond deposits of the countr y. Diamonds are found in approximately a third of Sierra Leone's territory (Levy, 2003 p2) Up until the late 1980s, Sierra Leone produced about $90m worth of diamonds each year (LeVert, 2007 p81). This figure represents the official value of diamonds that was exported through the legally accepted route of the Government Diamond Office and this could be just a fraction of the actual figure (Forde, 2011 p21). Primarily, British and South African companies have been at the forefront of the exploration of the country's diamonds and other minerals (Hirsch, 2007 p18). Multinationals from these countries were granted legitimate rights to mine and export the country's diamonds for several years after the country gained independence from Britain in 1960. 1.3 Sierra Leone's Conflict & Child Soldiers The country's first government led by Sir Milton Margai handed over power peacefully to Siaka Stevens who also handed over power to Major General Joseph Momoh in 1985.

Modern Myths Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern Myths Paper - Essay Example sidered a prize we deserve on the simple merit of being American and something we feel entitled to start enjoying while we’re still young enough to enjoy it. Although each person has a different idea of exactly what constitutes a dream vacation, or even the American Dream, there is a shared concept of something enticingly sweet, highly desirable, reasonably attainable and intended just for them. A great deal of energy and attention is given to the concept of the American Dream, but while most people seem to have this concept of a tantalizing treat drifting just out of their reach, few have any clue as to just where they’d go if they could. Because the concept seems to be universally understood, very few people discuss the idea of the American Dream to any great extent, but without any form of real definition, it remains puzzling just how anyone might be able to determine when or if they have ever reached it. The American Dream has some common elements such as a house, l eisure time and the natural result of average effort, yet each individual must realize that their idea of home and their concept of leisure might be vastly different from another person’s. Without actually defining what comprises the individual dream, it is impossible to discover it. The process becomes the activity with no real idea of the goal and no true direction to get there. For most people, it’s just supposed to happen. Growing up, many of us have been under the impression that we are entitled to the American Dream because we are Americans and our forefathers won it for us. For a lot of us, this has meant not having to actually work hard for what we want because it was earned for us already. However, we go off the track when we start trying to define what that dream is. According to John E. Nestler, â€Å"the American Dream has undergone a metamorphosis from principle to materialism †¦ When people are concerned more with the attainment of things than with the maintenance of

Othello as a Tragic Hero Essay Example for Free

Othello as a Tragic Hero Essay One of the most obvious focal point of disagreement about Othello is whether Othello was a tragic hero or not according to the classic conception of a tragic hero; whether his characterization, personal attributes make him fall into the domain of Aristotelian concept of tragic hero; Whether or not he possessed a tragic flaw. To Swinburne, Othello was â€Å"the noblest man of man’s making†. (Swinburne)But T. S. Eliot, on the other hand spoke unfavorably of his â€Å"cheering himself up†, (153) and came out with a celebrated critical term â€Å"Bovarysme†. Robert H.  Heilman (1956) comes very close to restating the Eliot position when he says; â€Å"Othello is the least heroic of Shakespeare’s tragic heroes. † (p. 166) The identification of Othello’s hamartia differs from reader to reader and from critic to critic. Some critics are of the view that excessive Egotism and self-confidence of Othello remain the main cause of his tragedy. He harbors unjustified suspicions against Desdemona. He had a trustful nature and he is thorough in his trust of Iago. (Bradley, 1965. p. 213. Jealousy overpowers him and he lacks self-control. It is hardly likely that even a combination of all these would be equal to what Aristotle considered to be a serious hamartia, and he exhibited any of the failing mentioned above. It would hardly be logical to say that the Othello was punished for crime in the yes of the divine. Another view is that the present failings of Othello may be taken to means that he was he was always like that, and his tragedy comes due some inherent or innate unsoundness in his character. However we get no indication of this in the play. The conception of the tragic hero that we gather from Aristotle’s Poetics is that he is a highly esteemed and prosperous man who falls into misfortune because of some serious hamartia i. e. tragic flaw. Aristotle gives the example of Oedipus and Thyestes, which means that according to him, it was Oedipus’ hamartia that was directly responsible for his fall. Although the meaning of hamartia is far from certain, its most frequent applications is in the sense of false moral judgment, or even purely intellectual errors. Among Greeks no sharp distinction between the two existed. It is generally believed that according to Aristotle the hamartia off Oedipus consists in some moral faults and it has been tried to identify various moral faults in Oedipus. Othello also possessed these moral flaw and his tragedy only comes due to these moral flaws, So according to Aristotelian conception, Othello is a tragic hero as he is a larger than life character and has tragic flaws that bring his destruction. Distinguished Professor Butcher has identified four possible range of meaning of Aristotle‘s Hamartia i. . tragic flaw. The foremost of these connotations is an error due to unavoidable ignorance of circumstances whereas an error caused by unawareness of conditions that might have been identified and for that reason to some extent morally blameworthy is another manifestation of the sense in which the term hamartia was used by Aristotle. The third sense is â€Å"A fault or error where the act is conscious and intentional, but not deliberate. Such acts are committed in anger or passion. Where as fourth one is â€Å"A fault of character distinct, on the one hand, from an isolated error, and, on the other, from the vice which has its seat in the depraved will†¦a flaw of character that is not tainted with a vicious purpose. † This essay will try to analyze all these manifestation of tragic flaws present in the character of Othello to manifest that he was a tragic hero. The character of Othello possesses an aura of personality that makes him distinguished as well naive and unrefined as compared with other characters in the play and other Shakespearean protagonists. That is the sole reason that why he fell a prey to Iago’s plot. Iago told Roderigo, â€Å"O, sir, content you. I follow him [Othello] to serve my turn upon him (I, i lines 38-9). Iago explains that only follow Othello to certain extent. A rudimentary supposition is that as the murder of Othello’s wife Desdemona is the result of deceitfulness of Iago, so himself remained a victim to the evil genius of Iago. Othello’s wrath was a product of his impulsiveness, the inherent flaw in his character, but that was utilized and triggered by the machination of Iago. The offense of Iago to conspire the demise of the Moor is worse since it is embedded in a shrewd mind with organized attempt whereas the wrongdoing of Othello was the result of his naivete. He was blindfolded by a thorn in the heart and mind. But his sin can not be justified only on this ground as there were various methods to check the blameworthiness. However, it can be illustrated that Othello permitted himself to be influenced by Iagos proposition of the unfaithfulness of Desdemona. Iago only provides a justification that was needed by Othello. Some critics are of the view that Desdemonas murder is an outcome of Othellos excessive arrogance and his impulsiveness to decision-making. A. C. Bradley ponders over the dispositions and nature of Othello and says in this regard; â€Å"The sources of danger in this character are revealed but too clearly by the story. In the first place, Othellos mind, for all its poetry, is very simple. He is not observant. His nature tends outward. He is quite free from introspection, and is not given to reflection. Emotion excites his imagination, but it confuses and dulls his intellect. On this side he is the very opposite of Hamlet, with whom, however, he shares a great openness and trustfulness of nature. In addition, he has little experience of the corrupt products of civilised life, and is ignorant of European women. † (p. 217) Despite this major flaw, he possessed some distinct personality traits. His has the capacity to build positive and reciprocal relationships and to take a number of steps to persuade. He possesses the capability to tailor an approach to appeal to the needs of a particular audience and an example of this relationship building is his genuine companionship with Iago. But again this trait of Othello is used against him as Iago takes advantage of his trust and design more evil plots against him. Although Othello possesses some evil propensities but he is capable of preventing these base and evil instincts to dominate him. In order to locate the degree and gravity of his sins, his motives fro his evil actions must be taken into consideration. It can be argued that his sins are product of weak mental faculties and some inherent flaws in his character. It was further enhanced by the manipulation of Iago instead of his pride. His action of murdering Desdemona was also not due to deficiency of confidence as he was a strong leader as manifested by his ability to command military and various other states affairs. But his leadership does not mean that he was forfeited against personal fantasies and whims of imagination. Othello’s basic dilemma was that he was in a totally new socio-cultural milieu. He was in a new city with a new bride who was graceful and young. Furthermore, Othello was in deep love with her does not know her well. He was uncertain about Desdemona decision to select him as her husband, and can only comprehend one clarification, She lovd me for the dangers I had passd. (I,iii,167) He is aware of the prevailing environment of prejudice and bias in Venice and without doubt must inquire why Desdemona would against her own norms and values and associate white Venetians by marrying an outsider. All these added suspicion in his minds before Iago begins his conniving plot. Although Desdemona was an epitome of love and care for her, but his preconceived notions cannot enable him to believe in her love unreservedly. His response to his skeptic mind is to put Desdemona on a pedestal, making her an emblem of purity and trustworthiness Tis not to make me jealous/ To say my wife Is fair, feeds well, loves company, Is free of speech, sings, plays, and dances well. / Where virtue Is, these are more virtuous. Nor from mine own weak merits will I draw/ The smallest fear or doubt of her revolt, For she had eyes, and chose me. (3. 3. 180) Othello arrived at the conclusion that Desdemonas consideration and virtue only capacitated her to feel affection for the unlovable an unstable culmination originating from his low self-worth. When Iago cast away this fictitious idealism with his evil designs, he is merely strengthening what Othello considers profoundly to be thoroughly possible i. e. that Desdemona could love another man. Iago is on hand to verify Othellos primary doubts: Ay, theres the point! as (to be bold with you)/ Not to affect many proposed matches/ Of her own clime, complexion, and degree, / Whereto we see in all things nature tends Her will, recoiling to her better judgement,/ May fall to match you with her country forms, / And happily repent. (3. 3. 228) So all these facts, arguments and supported evidence clearly manifest that Othello was a lager than life character and his tragic flaw contributes toward his tragedy. It is both an amalgam of self-infliction and circumstances beyond his control. He is a noble character but when things go wrong and pressures builds up, Othello’s inadequacies are revealed like the cracks in the dam. This makes him a tragic hero according to very conception of Aristotle. A. C. Bradley refutes the point of view that Othello was not noble and has no characteristics of a tragic hero. He is of the view; This character is so noble, Othellos feelings and actions follow so inevitably from it and from the forces brought to bear on it, and his sufferings are so heart-rending, that he stirs, I believe, in most readers a passion of mingled love and pity which they feel for no other hero in Shakespeare, and to which not even Mr Swinburne can do more than justice. Yet there are some critics and not a few readers who cherish a grudge against him. They do not merely think that in the later stages of his temptation he showed a certain obtuseness, and that, to speak pedantically, he acted with unjustifiable precipitance and violence; no one, I suppose, denies that. (p. 221)

The Avian Flu Virus in Chicken :: virus illness china Essays

The Avian Flu Virus in Chicken There are only ten more days until we celebrate our biggest holiday of the year, Chinese New Year. It is the year of the monkey, the monkey in our culture is supposed to be very lively and mischievous and full of energy. It has been three months since I had chicken, I have been eating fish and vegetables, but I really miss eating chicken meat. In our village where there are 20 families, 14 families are in the business of selling poultry to support their income, many of them also sold eggs to supplement their income. Our village has a population of 125, yet ten of the villagers have been diagnosed as having the avian flu virus, more commonly known as the H5N1 virus and of them, three had already died because of this virus. Everyone in our village is on edge as we are afraid of whether we will be the next one infected with the virus or not. Today I am going to the market to buy flowers, red meat, fruits and red envelopes to help my parents to get our house ready for the New Year. The mood in the market is the same as normal, there are more businesses than usual because everyone is busied trying to prepare for the New Year. If a visitor came to our village for a visit, the visitor would not notice any difference in our village life. However, underneath that normal exterior, something is very wrong in our village. Normally, the market is the busiest as people flocked to buy chicken and eggs so that they can cook for the New Year. The place where usually I have to shout and push my way so that I could buy a chicken from that place is now emptied. I could even hear my own echo when I shouted which disturbed me very much, I never thought that I could hear my own voice. As I walked back from the market, I stop by my neighbor and friend's house, Ngoc, to say hello to her. Her little brother, Tuan, was one of the victims of the avian flu, but unfortunately, he did not make it. I came inside her house and went to her back yard where she is holding a chicken that her father had just killed, while on the floor, there are more than 150 dead birds laying on the ground. The Avian Flu Virus in Chicken :: virus illness china Essays The Avian Flu Virus in Chicken There are only ten more days until we celebrate our biggest holiday of the year, Chinese New Year. It is the year of the monkey, the monkey in our culture is supposed to be very lively and mischievous and full of energy. It has been three months since I had chicken, I have been eating fish and vegetables, but I really miss eating chicken meat. In our village where there are 20 families, 14 families are in the business of selling poultry to support their income, many of them also sold eggs to supplement their income. Our village has a population of 125, yet ten of the villagers have been diagnosed as having the avian flu virus, more commonly known as the H5N1 virus and of them, three had already died because of this virus. Everyone in our village is on edge as we are afraid of whether we will be the next one infected with the virus or not. Today I am going to the market to buy flowers, red meat, fruits and red envelopes to help my parents to get our house ready for the New Year. The mood in the market is the same as normal, there are more businesses than usual because everyone is busied trying to prepare for the New Year. If a visitor came to our village for a visit, the visitor would not notice any difference in our village life. However, underneath that normal exterior, something is very wrong in our village. Normally, the market is the busiest as people flocked to buy chicken and eggs so that they can cook for the New Year. The place where usually I have to shout and push my way so that I could buy a chicken from that place is now emptied. I could even hear my own echo when I shouted which disturbed me very much, I never thought that I could hear my own voice. As I walked back from the market, I stop by my neighbor and friend's house, Ngoc, to say hello to her. Her little brother, Tuan, was one of the victims of the avian flu, but unfortunately, he did not make it. I came inside her house and went to her back yard where she is holding a chicken that her father had just killed, while on the floor, there are more than 150 dead birds laying on the ground.

The Student Experience In Higher Education Education Essay

IntroductionThe cardinal factor in the appraisal of quality in higher instruction is the pupil experience. This is non restricted to the pupil experience in the schoolroom but to the entire pupil experience. ( Harvey et al.,1992, p. 1 ) . Increasing attending is being paid to the pupil experience at higher instruction establishments across the UK, both by establishments themselves and by the bureaus that fund them and back up them. This new focal point is driven partially by turning involvement in what pupils think about their experiences and a committedness to developing a more informed and nuanced apprehension of what the pupil experience agencies and what factors shape it. The cardinal implicit in driver is enhancement of the pupil experience, both as an terminal in itself, and as a agency to the terminal of deriving and keeping competitory advantage in recruiting and retaining pupils ( Chris, 2008 ) .In this survey a phenomenological method was employed to research the single exp eriences as a postgraduate pupil in the University of Ulster.LITERATURE REVIEWEvaluation of what is going universally known as the â€Å" pupil experience † is one of the dominant subjects of higher instruction research at this clip. This term embraces the impression that larning does non merely take topographic point in the schoolroom and that pupils ‘ clip spent in higher instruction is about a whole scope of experiences ( City University, 2002 ) . All facets of pupils ‘ university experience have an impact on their acquisition experience ( City University, 2002 ) . Purdue University ( 2004 ) refer to the ‘Pillars Supporting the Entire Student Experience ‘ and Thompson ( 2000 ) composing in the Kansas State eCollegian stated that: The entire pupil experience encompasses learning and acquisition, course of study, pupil life, reding and mentoring. The University of Edinburgh ( 2004 ) besides refers to a broad set of pupil experiences in which it was stated that accomplishments are derived from the entire pupil experience whether academic, excess curricular or work experiences.A More late nevertheless the focal point has shifted to the rating of the entire pupil experience, which would include issues such as the installations available within the establishment, relationships with the academic staff and fellow pupils, and attitudes towards the instruction manner offered by lectors and coachs. Increasingly, pupils ‘ attitudes and perceptual experiences towards the establishment as a whole are seen as cardinal issues in finding the e ntire pupil experience. ( Savani, 2003 ) The survey entails an person ‘s experience as a postgraduate pupil. Purposes: The survey, which was conducted as portion of an assignment of NUR816 faculty, aimed: To research a fellow pupil ‘s experience while set abouting a graduate student survey. To analyze the sort of job faced by a postgraduate pupil. To set up whether postgraduate pupil bask their surveies all through the semesters without any job from place or work topographic point for those working. To enable me to cognize whether they were able to get some rational accomplishments through their programme.Research Questions/objective:To research a fellow pupil ‘s experience while set abouting a graduate student survey, in footings of the challenges of such survey. To find the impact of a graduate student survey on a pupil daily life. The methodological analysis for probe was based on the purposes and aims set. The research inquiry shall be answered by utilizing the phenomenology methodological attack alternatively of the descriptive anthropology and grounded theory. This methodological attack is chosen because the research subject is centred on the perceptual experiences and readings of the universe held by an person. The speech pattern within this position is on the individualism, even the singularity, of each individual ‘s set of perceptual experience which is located in a specific societal context ( Shepard et al. , 1993 ) . Phenomenology evolved from Husserl ‘s philosophical enterprise to research the full significance of persons ‘ lived experience of a given phenomenon through contemplation on the world of their experiences ( Morse and Field, 1996 ; Koch, 1999 ; Jones and Borbasi, 2003 ; Racher, 2003 ) . The research worker observes and efforts to construe the significance of the observations made ( Jones and Borbasi, 2003 ) . In understanding what is ‘real ‘ there is reading of the significance of people ‘s relationships with their life experiences Phenomenology attack stands in blunt contrast to ethnography and grounded theory ( Julius and Chris, 2002, p.9 ) . In peculiar, it takes a really different position of the relationship between experience and cognition. For rationalists, and for post-positivists, experience is a agency of accessing an nonsubjective world that lies outside the person who is sing it ( Julius and Chris, 2002, p.9 ) . In phenomenology, nevertheless, the universe as experienced by persons, or by a group of persons, is the existent universe. Social world is constructed by persons in the procedure of interacting within a peculiar context ( Anderson, 1991 ) . In add-on, phenomenology recognises the fact that societal phenomena are rooted in a specific context ( Julius and Chris,2002, p.10 ) .Similarly, phenomenology, trades chiefly with the ‘micro ‘ instead than the ‘macro ‘ characteristics of societal life ( Lassman,1974 ) . Using this method enabled the single pupil to depict a lived experience of deriving ‘knowledge ‘ as a postgraduate pupil and pertaining to her daily life. Through following a post-positivist, phenomenological enquiry, the research worker aimed for objectiveness in roll uping and measuring informations. This involved actively recognizing and uncluttering the head of preexistent ideas, beliefs and values ( Holloway and Wheeler, 1996 ) . This is combative, and non easy accomplishable. However, in this research such objectiveness was desirable, since the lead research worker was a co-worker to the interviewee.MethodsParticipantThe research was conducted with a fellow pupil from within the NUR 816 faculty category in the University of Ulster. Ethical blessing was obtained from the University of Ulster Ethics and administration Committees. Flying was in a site unconnected with the chief survey. The methodological analysis was qualitative in design. In peculiar it drew on phenomenological rules which â€Å" seek to understand, describe and interpret human behavior from the position of the individual or participants being studied ( Finlay, 1999 ) . The purpose of the interview was hence to derive an apprehension of the interviewee ‘s ain place in relation to her experience has a postgraduate pupil.Data aggregation procedureDesign – Ethical and research administration IssuesQualitative research is based on the premiss that in order to get cognition about people, we need to give them the chance to specify and depict their experiences as these were lived by themselves ( Polit and Hungler,1993 ) . This attack allows the geographic expedition of worlds by worlds admiting the value of a holistic position and the worth of individualism and subjectiveness ( Chinn, 1985 ) . Nursing and phenomenology portion the same beliefs in sing people holistically as entities who create significances and in valuing them as alone individuals ( Omery, 1983 ; Taylor, 1994 ) . Using a phenomenological attack nevertheless holds assorted troubles such as ‘method slurring ‘ ( Baker et al. , 1992 ) and the acknowledgment of the research workers consequence upon the survey and the reading of the findings. The deficiency besides of defined guidelines high spots the issue of asperity ( Hallet, 1995 ) . This stresses the demand for elaborate certification of the survey and the demand to integrate the cogency of the findings within the information analysis. However, the reading on any research has to be considered probationary instead than absolute ( Walters, 1995 ) .Sampling procedureParticipant Numberss within phenomenological surveies are typically little, for illustration, less than 10 ( Morse and Field, 1996 ; Parahoo, 1997 ; Kleinman, 2004 ) , and interviews ar e in-depth with much rich informations ( Whimpenny and Gass, 2000 ) . The sample used for this survey was a convenience sample drawn from a mark population of NUR816 faculty category. A fellow pupil was approached and she agreed to take part. Participant was informed about the right to retreat from the survey at any clip and was assured that in written studies they would non be able to be identified as imposter names would be used. This attack was agreed by the moralss and research administration commission as being acceptable.Data aggregation methodInterviewsContact with the fellow pupil was made by telephone with a follow-up participant information sheet, consent signifier given to her in category. A hebdomad was allowed from the telephone call until the clip agreed for interview, therefore giving clip for participants to read and discourse the information with others if they wished. Final consent was undertaken instantly anterior to interview. Participants were offered the school country that is mall or talk room. She opted for the talk room ( Dashiff, 2001 ) . Prior to the interview, the intent of the survey was discussed. This served to loosen up the interviewee and the interviewer ( Morse and Field, 1996 ) . The interview that lasted for about 30 proceedingss was audio – recorded and manus written and later transcribed verbatim ( Streubert and Carpenter, 1995 ) . An un-structured interview usher was used ( see Appendix 4 ) , although inquiries were asked in different ways to arouse all possible ideas from participant. Time for treatment was made after the interview. This was once more agreed as portion of ethical blessing for the work. Get downing the Interview ( Appendix 5 ) . As for the method of informations aggregation, single interview have been used. The intent of the phenomenological interview has been defined as an effort to derive penetration into the other individual worldview and to understand shared significances through active hearing ( Sorrell and Redmond 1995 ) . However the pilot interview was non used in the concluding analysis of the informations. Unstructured interviewing is described as â€Å" automatic † ( Hammerseley and Atkinson, 1993 ) .In a big grade the precise subjects on which the interview will concentrate, and the manner in which it is conducted, emerge in the procedure of the interview, and are antiphonal to the perceptual experiences, concerns and precedences of the source. The control of the informations aggregation procedure was surrendered partly to the source ( fellow pupil ) ( Julius and Chris, 2002, p.54 ) .The unstructured interview is conducted harmonizing to an interview usher ( Arksey and Knight, 1999 ) . Subjects in an unstructured interview may be raised in different ways or in a different order Since my purpose in this signifier of interview is to derive insight into a subject from the position of the source, the docket for the interview was non imposed by the interviewer, but was negotiated between interviewer and interviewee ( Jones, 1985 ) . Rubin and Rubin ( 1995 ) described such interviews as a â€Å" guided conversation † .Datas AnalysisThe analytical procedure began during informations aggregation. Analysis of interviews was coincident with informations aggregation so that new subjects could be identified for inclusion in subsequent interviews. Data aggregation continued until impregnation occurred, whereby no new or relevant stuff emerged. The research worker made notes after the interview of cardinal points that arose in the conversation with the participant. These helped to clear up the emerging issues and allowed minor accommodations to be made to the interview agenda. The transcript was so read through carefully to place the perceptual experiences and attitudes of pupil toward the graduate student survey. The informations were so explored in relation to the available literature and checked against the research notes to guarantee that issues perceived as of import to the interviewee had been addressed. A b ill of exchange transcript of the reappraisal was sent out to interviewee ask foring her remarks and leting for some minor accommodations to be made. Quotation marks from interview are given because they represent the positions or to foreground a specific point. Pseudonyms are used throughout the paper to maximize interviewee namelessness. Data was analysed utilizing a model that is geared towards phenomenology methodological analysis of Colaizzi ‘s ( 1978 ) seven phase procedure, reflexiveness in informations aggregation and frequent re-analysis of informations as new subjects emerged ( Miles and Huberman,1994 ) .This theoretical account of analysis Fosters transparence and cogency in the analytical procedure ( Mays and Pope,2000 ) . The analytic procedure of Colaizzis ( 1978 ) was modified to supply a more executable model for the analysis of the information. Firstly tape – recorded interview was played and re – played and written transcripts were read in order to get a ‘first feeling ‘ . The really first rematch of the cassette took topographic point instantly after the interview, it was recorded and a transcript was kept individually for safety grounds. Additionally notes were written after the interview and during the first rematch to capture initial thoughts. Initial data bunch was achieved utilizing underscoring for the participant important statements. This enabled informations submergence and assisted an overview of the participant ‘s part to each bunch. At phase two important statements were extracted from the individual transcript, which was after organized into bunch of subjects. Each subject was attempted to be conceptualized and contextualized ( Strauss and Corbin.1990, p.61 ) and notes were written for each identified subject to be discussed with the participant during proof. The following phase involved the readying of a descriptive text for the participant which included quotation marks from the interviews. At the proof phase participants were re – approached and alongside an explanatory note, the descriptive text was assessed. The participant to the full agreed with the written descriptions and the treatment of her experiences and he signed and retains a 2nd transcript of the proof text. Formulated significances were devised but arranged into one grid to compare their relationship to the formulated significances as a whole. Colaizzi supports this stance to his procedure of analysis. He argues his method of analysis be ‘used flexibly and freely by the research worker, they can modify them in what of all time manner they sees fit ‘ ( Colaizzi, 1978, p.59 ) . Further divergence arose from Colaizzi ( 1978 ) who acknowledged there will be repeat of experience and that repeats should be eliminated. It is argued instead that by placing repeats, greater weight can be added to significance of the significance jointly for persons ( Hantikainen and Kappeli, 2000 ) . To help participant in understanding the analysis of the information, and supply her with grounds that the response could act upon pattern, a grid sketching the cardinal findings was devised for her. The presentation to the participants of what Colaizzis ( 1978 ) calls the ‘exhaustive description ‘ instead than the concluding ‘essential construction ‘ of the phenomenon, was besides recommended by Holloway and Wheeler ( 1996 ) , as it could be more easy recognizable by her because it has the possible to move as a precursor to arouse more information and remarks at this phase of the survey. Although cogency in qualitative research is multifaceted, it appears to be an advantage of using a method of analysis which incorporated proof by participants themselves. The concluding analysis of the phenomenon can be seen as the ‘product ‘ of a shared procedure between those whom have experience it and the research worker ( Halarie, 2006 ) .DiscussionThe survey revealed a sequence of findings, which could be summarised under the undermentioned seven classs: All seven classs emerged from the participant descriptions, irrespective of the length of the interview a ) Aspiration in life B ) Challenges of being a graduate student pupil degree Celsius ) Time direction vitamin D ) Positive and negative feelinge ) Library usage degree Fahrenheit ) Internet usage g ) Lecturers attitudes. Each class will be explored and deductions for development discussed. Aspiration in life: The pupil emphasised that the graduate student programme was an chance for her to rich greater tallness. â€Å" My end in life is to draw a bead on to make the extremum in my educational calling † Challenges of being a postgraduate pupil: Being admitted for the graduate student programme was the first challenge the pupil faced, followed by funding the programme, cost of adjustment in school, run intoing the class work deadline for entry, and plagiarism menace. â€Å" The adjustment I got was rather expensive in school † . â€Å" Geting admitted gave me a challenge † â€Å" I mean the support of the P.G surveies was non excessively easy † . â€Å" I was so witting of the mentions quoted but am still afraid that I did non plagiarize † . â€Å" haste through the coursework assignment, so as to run into the deadline for entry † . Time direction: The pupil usage most of the clip in the school country for go toing talks, making class work, and personal reading while the free talk yearss is used for parttime occupation. â€Å" I realised that I need to make a batch of personal reading â€Å" â€Å" My faculty clip besides gave me a good chance to prosecute in a portion clip work in a shop † . Lecturers Attitudes: it was gathered from the pupil experience that the lectors were accessible and they help in work outing pupil academic problems. â€Å" The lectors have ever been really helpful and accessible and unfastened to suggestions and unfavorable judgment † . Library usage: School Library was reportedly used to accomplish a batch of work through class work administration and easy cyberspace entree, run offing the assignment and printing relevant papers. It was so a good resource. â€Å" I did non hold a resource to acquire a lap-top so I spend most of my clip in the school library ( LRC ) † . Internet usage: At interview, the pupil reported equal usage of the Internet at school, for email communicating, online resource from the lectors, and for a assortment of reasons. â€Å" Most of our classs had online resource which could merely be assessed through the Webct from the library portal † . Positive and negative feeling: There was the fiscal influence on the household, but a batch of accomplishments were acquired. The probe confirms the utility of using a phenomenological method to the human side of research and to lend to the alleged â€Å" studies-of-studies † literature, and to the turning shared experiential civilization in research. It could assist decrease the clasp of the positive paradigm in the survey and to happen a cardinal topographic point for the human side of research, alternatively of concealment or disregarding this of import aspect of research. Finally, this survey was exploratory in nature and the consequences may be limited to the respondent who participated in the probe, merely. Therefore, merely general suggestions for future research can be offered. One possibility is to research the experiences of pupil who have non received didactic direction on school life, but who have to put to death graduate student survey. Another possibility is to depict the experiences of pupils who failed to finish their surveies successfully.DecisionPostgraduate Student experience could be summarized into a deliberate and necessary attempt to derive credence into an organized and defined educational scene. The findings illustrate the ‘lived experience ‘ of a postgraduate pupil about her surveies, the cognition respondents have about her school, and some consideration about duty for cognition and why perusal may be hard. An overruling subject throughout the work is related to dedication to class work and support. Key concerns incl uded ; The support of a postgraduate class. Entree to resources and Proper clip direction.